AGRANA Glossary

Group of states in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific region, which have finalized a special agreement with the European Union on developmental cooperation. Through a preference agreement, the EU has granted a privileged access to domestic market and the possibility of duty-free imports of sugar to the majority of the colonial states of France and Great Britain (currently 79 AKP-countries) from 1975.

AGRANA’s own brand of high-protein animal feed. This form of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of bioethanol production from cereals, obtained by drying the mash (the residue from distillation). The DDGS is pelleted and marketed as a non-perishable feedstuff.
With its high protein content of at least 30% and its valuable energy content, DDGS is a sought-after feed for livestock, particularly dairy animals. In the AGRANA Group this co-product is generated in the bioethanol plant in Pischelsdorf, Austria, which typically processes corn, wheat, triticale and molasses. Like all other products marketed by AGRANA, ActiProt® is GMO-free.

Agrarmarkt Austria is an Austrian institution of central importance to the country’s agri- cultural industry. It was created as a public sector entity by the AMA Act of 1992 and set up as an EU-compliant market regulatory agency, which now oversees the implementation and administration of all EU market regimes. Agricultural marketing is performed by its subsidiary, Agrarmarkt Austria Marketing GesmbH. AMA is supervised by the Federal Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Manage­ment. AMA’s key functions are the implementation of market regimes and direct payments (milk quota administration, licence management, etc.), administration of nationally managed payments (e. i., the Austrian Agri-Environmental Programme, or “ÖPUL”), preparation of market and price reports, and cattle marking and tracing.

The main component of starch, making up an average of 70% to 80%, is amylopectin. The other of the two fractions is amylose. The starch found in waxy varieties of corn and millet has an amylopectin content of almost 100%. Amylopectin is a complex carbohydrate (a poly­saccharide) and composed of D-glucose molecules.

The ATX (Austrian Traded Index) is a real-time price index developed by the Vienna Stock Exchange (Wiener Börse) that covers the blue-chip segment of the Austrian stock market as represented by the 20 most liquid shares traded on Wiener Börse. The index composition is determined on the basis of companies’ market capitalisation (the price per share multiplied by the number of shares). The influence of a given ATX stock on the index thus depends on the number and price of the company’s shares. The ATX also serves as the underlying for futures and options quoted in euros on the Exchange. The starting value of the ATX on 2 January 1991 was set at 1,000 points.

Bio-energy is defined as the energy, which is acquired from biomass, in which the energy is saved in chemical form. In this, different forms of energy such as heat, electrical energy and fuel for combustion engines are included. Solar energy, which can be chemically connected by plants with the help of photosynthesis, forms the basis for bio-energy.

Bio-stabilizers are used at AGRANA instead of chemical biocides such as for example Formaldehyde, for combating microorganisms in the sugar production process. For use in the sugar production, natural bio-stabilizers are developed based on hops and resin. So, here it concerns with products of herbal origin, which have already been used for many years in food production.

Bioethanol is a fuel manufactured by the zymosis of biomass containing carbohydrate (renewable carbon carriers). It has a percentage of alcohol of at least 99 volume percent at its disposal and is de facto water-free. Bioethanol is predominantly acquired out of sugar or grain types containing starch in Europe, due to the climatic conditions. With regard to fossil energy carriers, bioethanol is CO2-neutral and distinguishes itself in its physical characteristics from those of gasoline. Thus, an adjustment of the engines is required for utilization in undiluted form.

Biogas contains methane as combustible component, which is manufactured through the zymosis of biomass in biogas facilities and is used for the generation of bio-energy. Biogas can be acquired from fermentable recycling material that contain biomass, such as sewage sludge, bio-waste or food wastes, farmyard manure (liquid manure, dung) or also from energy crops that have been planted specifically for this, i.e. renewable raw materials.

Also known simply as biofuels, these are liquid or gaseous fuels derived from biomass (such as plant materials, including plant residues from other processes). Biogenic fuels can be produced from raw materials such as grains, sugar beet or even wood. Biogenic fuels are used in combustion engines. The most significant economically are bioethanol and biodiesel, which are also blended with fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel.

It is what covers the organic substances that are generated through plants or even animals. The basis for the formation of biomass into solid, liquid and gas form is especially the photosynthesis, employed by plants, in which solar energy is stored through the release of oxygen from water and carbon-dioxide.

The processing period for agricultural raw material, which can normally be stored only for a limited period of time.

Carbocalk is a lime fertilizer, which develops within the scope of the sugar acquisition in the cleaning of the raw syrup. Due to its highly reactive surface, carbocalk is a fertilizer that takes effect very quickly and is suitable for all cultures.

(Comité Européen des Fabricants de Sucre): The CEFS is the international organisation of European national sugar industry associations. It represents the interests of European sugar producers and refiners vis-à-vis European institutions (Council of Ministers, European Commission, European Parliament, Economic and Social Committee, and others) and with the various international organisations (FAO, WTO, etc.).

In distinction from bioethanol of the first generation, ethanol manufactured from herbal cellulose substances is defined as cellulose-ethanol. Like the conventional ethanol-fuel, cellulose-ethanol is also produced through zymosis. After distillation and drying, ethanol can finally be used as fuel. The production of cellulose-ethanol is still in the developmental phase.

A marketing concept in the food industry for promoting products as particularly natural. The clean-label approach accommodates consumers’ mounting interest in foods not containing additives with E numbers. The message of naturalness is conveyed on packaging through additional wordings such as, for instance, “No flavour enhancers”, “No added preservatives”, and “No artificial flavours”.

It is seen today as an important greenhouse gas. It is because of a chemical connection made between carbon dioxide and oxygen. The gas, which is neutral in colour and smell forms less than 1% natural content of air and is produced during the combustion of substances containing carbon dioxide as well as during breathing.

(CO₂ liquefaction plant): In bioethanol pro­duction, the carbon bound in renewable raw materials (which are mainly wheat and corn) is released in the form of carbon dioxide. In CO₂ liquefaction plants, this biogenic carbon dioxide from renewable resources is purified, liquefied and thus made available for many different industrial uses, notably the production of carbonated drinks. Biogenic CO₂ is thereby substituted for fossil CO₂.

In order to make the greenhouse-effect of different greenhouse gases comparable and consequently to make it hummable, their greenhouse potential (Global Warming Potential) is used. It indicates the contribution of different gases to the heating of the earth’s atmosphere in the form of an equivalent volume of CO₂. The greenhouse effect of a kilogram of a gas is expressed in this as a multiple (“equivalent factor”) of the greenhouse effect of a kilogram of CO₂.

Under coloured juice concentrate, all fruit juice concentrates are included, except apple juice concentrate and concentrates made from citrus fruits. Among them you find cherry juice concentrate, black currant concentrates, etc.

Corn (maize) starch is made of starch acquired from corn (maize) and is used especially in the production of food (e.g. pudding) but also for technical uses, such as for example in the paper production or in the sector for cosmetics.

These help to protect indigenous products against cheap imports from third countries (exterior protection). The basic customs-duty for sugar is a fixed amount. In addition, in the import of sugar within the context of the protective clause of the so-called additional customs-duty is lifted up as variable tariff rate.

Also known as import duties or customs tariffs, these help to protect domestic products against cheap imports from third countries (thus providing tariff protection). The basic import duty for sugar is a fixed amount. In addition, a special safeguard provision provides for a higher tariff when sugar imports exceed a certain quantity.

Countries or regions, which consume more sugar than what they produce themselves, and must cover their needs through sugar import. In the course of the return of quotes, in Europe this concerns countries such as Ireland, Italy or Portugal, but also Hungary and Romania.

E numbers are official European number codes for food addititives. They are essentially an indication that the substance in question (added to the food to achieve chemical, physical or physiological effects) has been shown by the authorisation procedure of the European Union to present no threat to human health. The E number of an additive is the code by which the substance can be uniquely identified regardless of the national language.

Fuel with 10% content of water-free bioethanol and 90% content of conventional petrol.

See SuperEthanol E85.

(European Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions): EFFAT is the European federation of trade unions for the food, agriculture and tourism sectors. As the European umbrella organisation for 120 national trade unions from 35 countries, EFFAT represents the interests of more than 2.6 million members in dealing with European institutions, industry associations and employers.

The term “Emerging Market” is used frequently in the financial sector and describes an upcoming market. Especially the countries of the second world (such as for example China or India) are described as the so-called emerging countries, which have left their prior status of a developmental country and are on their way to the status of an industrial country.

Generally signifies the release of disturbing factors into the environment. A typical example for this are the gas-forming contaminants from cars.

Enzymes (earlier also: ferment) are protein molecules which accelerate chemical reactions as catalysators and, for example, break up starch into dextrose molecules. This way they play an important role in the fermentation (zymosis) (See fermentation).

Ethanol is a clear, slightly combustible liquid. It is often defined colloquially as alcohol. Ethanol is especially known as drinking alcohol, probably as a part of the semiluxury food such as wine or beer. Especially in recent times, ethanol has acquired great importance – apart from the food production industry – as bio-fuel in the form of bioethanol (See bioethanol).

The so-called Biofuels Directive of the European Parliament and European Council dated 26 March 2009 regulate the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels (for example, wind and solar energy, geothermal and hydropower) in the transport sector. The Directive specifies the percentage of renewable fuels within total fuel consumption, but does not prescribe how these targets must be reached (blending of biogenic with fossil fuels, or use of alternative fuels). Under the Directive, fuels defined as biogenic include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, biomethanol, biodimethyl ether, bio-ETBE, bio-MTBE, synthetic biofuels and pure plant oils.

See sugar regime.

Within the scope of life cycle analysis, the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions can be carried out on bioethanol and its by-products with the so-called substitution methods or the energy allocation methods. The substitution method is suitable as per the specifications of the EU for political analyses. The energy allocation method is to be used for regulatory purposes as well as for individual record of producers and fuels.

With the issue of export licenses, the EU-Commission ensures itself the control over the export of EU-quota-sugar and the adherence of the WTO-export restrictions with regard to quantity and quality.

See customs.

A leading private-sector source of analysis on the global markets for sugar, ethanol, molasses, feed additives, biofuels, coffee and tea, F. O. Licht publishes a wide range of print reports and organises conferences for the sugar and ethanol industries.

(Food and Agriculture Organisation): The Food and Agriculture Organisation is a specialised agency of the United Nations based in Rome. Its mission worldwide is to improve the production and distribution of agricultural products in general and foods in particular, in order to ensure good nutrition and food security and improve living standards. To this end it has developed, among other instruments, the Codex Alimentarius, which defines international standards of food safety.

The term fermentation (zymosis) is understood in bio-technology as the conversion of biological material through the addition of enzymes (ferment), however, it requires the help of cultures from bacteria, mushrooms and cells.

(Austrian Research Promotion Agency): The Austrian Research Promotion Agency, or FFG (Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft) is the national funding agency for industrial research and development in Austria. The FFG was established in 2004 and is wholly owned by the Austrian government.

First transformation refers to the first stage of fruit processing, which turns freshly harvested fruit into storable, semi-finished goods (frozen, aseptic or pureed). The process steps involved include sorting, washing, cleaning, cutting, freezing and packing.

Certain vehicles are defined as FFVs, which can be operated with SuperEthanol E85 (a fuel mixture made of up to 85% bioethanol) and Super petrol, or any desired mix rate. They can, therefore, be used regardless of the existence of a SuperEthanol E85-gas station network. FFVs distinguish themselves only to a small extent from the conventional petrol engine. They have additionally a sensor at their disposal, which measures the corresponding mix-rate from the bioethanol and Super petrol in the vehicle’s tank. The vehicle’s electronics then adjust the engine control unit to the optimum values.

Forms the basis for fruit juice drinks and will be sold to the industry that produces fruit juice and beverages. The water taken carefully from the pressed fruit juice will be added to the concentrate for the manufacture of the end product for consumption, finally again in the same quantity. The result is high-value juice with 100% fruit content.

Fruits of high quality are prepared in liquid form or in the form of pieces, and kept in good condition thermally, so that they can be further processed, especially in dairy products or for the ice-cream industry or the industry for baked goods.

Gluten is a mix of substances, including proteins, that occurs in cereal seeds. When flour is mixed with water, it is gluten that makes the resulting dough rubbery and elastic. Gluten is crucial to the baking properties of flour.

(International Grains Council): The International Grains Council is an intergovernmental organisation concerned with grains trade. Since 1995 the London-based IGC also administers the Grains Trade Convention, an international agreement. The IGC Secretariat provides both adminis- trative support to the Council, and services to the Food Aid Committee established under the Food Aid Convention of 1999. The IGC’s grain market studies are widely used in sector and market research.

See non-quota-sugar.

It’s the legal basis for the supply of sugar beets and its payment. It is negotiated between the associations of the beet farmers and the companies producing sugar.

Basic material consisting of fructose. Used as an ingredient in the production of food (yogurt) for example as substitution for fat and to improve the taste, the texture and the feeling in the mouth or for the manufacturing of fructose.

(International Sustainability & Carbon Certification): The ISCC is the world’s first government-recognised system for the certification of sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions that can be applied to all agricultural raw materials. In 2009 in the EU Renewable Energies Directive (2009/28/EC), the EU set out requirements for the sustainable production of biomass (liquid biomass and biofuels). Germany has transposed this EU Directive into national law through its Biofuel Sustainability Regulation and Biomass Electricity Sustainability Regulation. Under this legislation, from 1 January 2011, companies wishing to receive a feed-in tariff under the German Renewable Energies Act (EEG) or credit toward the biofuel quota must document that the feed- stocks used in the biofuels’ production or in electricity generation were produced in accordance with the sustainability regulations. The ISCC serves to implement these legal requirements in all stages of the production process.

(International Organisation for Standardisation): The International Organisation for Standardisation (widely known as ISO) is the leading international association of national standard-setting bodies and develops international standards in all areas but electricity and electronics, which are the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and telecommunication, which is the province of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Together, these three organisations form the World Standards Cooperation, or WSC.

Isoglucose is a liquid product based on starch, which is converted to sugar, which corresponds to 42% of sweetness of sugar in the fructose content, and therefore is used as sugar substitute. The fructose content can be raised through further stages of process up to 55%. Isoglucose is manufactured from grains, especially from maize.

The list of the Least Development Countries (LDCs) includes the poorest and least developed countries in the world. LDCs may introduce their produced goods with the exception of weapons (Everything but Arms [EBA-Agreement]) without the reduction of quantity and duty-free into the EU. There was an import quota for sugar through to the 30 September 2009.

See sugar marketing year. See marketing year for grains.

Begins in July and ends in the subsequent year in June.

The EU-sugar market regulation provides a minimum price for sugar beets. This is applicable for the degree of delivery and a certain standard of quality. In case of deviating qualities, additions and deductions are made.

Modified starches are obtained by physical, enzymatic or chemical processes and are starch products that meet higher technological requirements. Important properties remain intact after modification. Modified starches are used in the food industry and in industrial applications where they are superior to natural starch in qualities such as stability against heat and acidity, shear strength, and freezing and thawing properties. Modified starches used as food additives must be declared as such if they are chemically changed. Otherwise – if modified physically (through heat or pressure) or enzymatically – they are considered food ingredients and have no E number.

Sweet, dark-brown by-product of the sugar manufacture, similar to syrup. The fluid contains probably also 50% sugar, which can, however, not be further crystallized. Molasses are used predominantly in the manufacture of yeast, alcohol, or also as supplement to cattle fodder

See starch.

Defines in accordance with the sugar regime the particular sugar, which exceeds the production quota. This can be marketed as industry sugar (Non-Food) for the generation of products predominantly in the chemical or in the pharmaceutical industry (used for the generation of yeast, citric acid and vitamins), exported into third countries or carried forward to the next sugar marketing year.

Organic stabilisers are used at AGRANA instead of chemical biocides (such as formaldehyde) to combat microorganisms in the sugar production process. For use in sugar production, natural organic stabilisers are developed based on hops and tree resins. These products are therefore of herbal origin and have a long tradition of use in food production.

In the course of the widening circle of the EU, the obligations of the EU come into play, to guarantee to certain countries that produce sugar, to accept sugar at guaranteed prices. The main part is allotted to the LDCs and ACP-countries.

In the course of the widening circle of the EU, the obligations of the EU come into play, to guarantee to certain countries that produce sugar, to accept sugar at guaranteed prices. The main part is allotted to the LDCs and AKP-countries.

For raw sugar imports from outside the EU, in view of the high world market prices, the European Commission in November 2010 suspended the tariff of € 98 per tonne on preferential imports for the period from 1 December 2010 to 31 August 2011.

A subsegment of the “equity market.at” market segment of Wiener Börse (Vienna Stock Exchange). The Prime Market comprises the shares of companies admitted to listing in the Official Market or Second Regulated Market and meeting the special additional requirements for admission to Prime Market. These securities are traded via the Xetra trading system using the “Continuous Trading” procedure, in conjunction with auctions.

The production levy for sugar quotas is € 12 per tonne and can be procured from the SMY 2007|08 up to 50% from the sugar beet farmers. For isoglucose the amount is 50% of the output applicable for sugar. It is an administrative contribution to the EU.

See sugar quota.

See sugar quota.

The particular sugar which is generated and marketed in the course of a sugar marketing year within the scope of the allotted production quota.

Defines the particular sugar beets which are necessary for the fulfilment of the production quota for sugar.

Raw sugar is a semi-finished product of the sugar cane, or also of the sugar beet, in which the sugar crystals are not yet completely released from the adhering non-sugar material, which gives it its brown colour.

The reference price fixed in the EU-sugar regime for EU-quota sugar is served through the deflection of the minimum price for sugar beets and does not have any immediate effects on the market price, which is determined by supply and demand.

The term “refining” defines in general a technical process for cleaning, processing, separation or concentration of raw material. In the case of sugar, this means the de-coloration of brown raw sugar (from sugar cane or sugar beet) through repeated recrystallization.

Fund which is financed from the sugar regime restructuring levy of the EU-sugar producers. Its means are being used within the EU in the context of the sugar regime with the goal of producing market equilibrium in the EU through the output of quota sugar production.

Payment to companies producing sugar out of the EU-restructuring fund which give back quotas continuously and voluntarily within the context of the restructuring.

(Supplier Ethical Data Exchange): SEDEX is a non-profit organisation for companies committed to continuous improvement of their own and their supply chains’ ethical performance. SEDEX is a web-based data exchange designed to allow member companies to store and share ethical data and to analyse and rate risks.

Smoothies (in English smooth = fine, sleek) are puree-like fruit drinks with an especially high content of fruit. In distinction to fruit juices in the conventional sense, in the case of smoothies, the whole fruit, including its skin and cores, are processed. Smoothies are based, therefore, only on fruit pulp in order to achieve an especially creamy consistency.

See sugar market regulation

Starch is an organic connection and one of the most important reserve materials in the plant cells. In our latitudes, starch is mainly acquired from corn (maize), wheat or potatoes. In order to acquire starch, the parts of the plants containing starch are cut into pieces and, subsequently, the cleaning out of the starch takes place. Through filtration and centrifugation steps, the extraction of the starch takes place. The last stage is, finally, their drying. Native starch presents as white powder.

The so-called starch corn (maize) or also the soft corn (maize) is one of the oldest corn (maize) types. It is well suited as direct food product, because it can be ground easily due to its floury nutritive tissue. The starch corn plays an important role as raw material for industrial evaluation.

Substitution comes from the Latin word “substituere”, which means “replace”.

Sucrose, generally known as crystal sugar, is a twofold-sugar (Disaccharide), which consists of up to half of the dextrose (glucose) and fruit sugar (fructose). There is sucrose in the sugar beet as well as in the sugar cane.

Sugar is extracted in Europe from the sugar beet. In sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world, sugar cane is the main source for sugar production. “Sugar” is mostly understood as household sugar, i.e., sucrose; besides this, however, there is also another series of sugar types, such as for example, glucose, fructose or milk-sugar. They all count as nutrient groups of the carbohydrate.

The sugar beet is an agricultural culture plant, which serves exclusively in the manufacture of sugar from sugar beet. The sugar beet consists of the beet head and the root body. Sucrose, which is extracted in the sugar factory, is preserved in the root body.

A sugar juice that has been thickened and cleaned to approximately 70% to 75% dry substance, which shows a brown coloration as well as a tough consistency. Concentrated juice is produced at the end of the vaporization stage, before the actual crystallization comes about in the cooking apparatus in the sugar factory.

Sugar that has been acquired from sugar cane, which is chemically identical to sugar beet.

The particular process is defined as extraction, in which sugar is dissolved out from the sugar beet slices with the help of hot water. End product of this extraction is raw juice, which contains approximately 98% of the sugar contained in the sugar beet.

The set of regulations of the EU existing from 1968 for quotas and customs helps the general market organization for sugar and for ensuring indigenous sugar production.

The sugar marketing year of the European Union begins respectively on the 1 October and ends on the 30 September of the subsequent year. This reference period is applicable for all regulations of the EU-sugar market.

In the sugar production process from the sugar beet, raw juice is extracted from the sugar beet slices, which are cleaned in several stages and finally thickened so long, until sugar crystallizes from it. Through recrystallization, sugar is cleaned, so that you get clean, white crystals. These crystals have a sucrose content of approximately 100%. With that, sugar is a highly pure food product and has almost unlimited preservation.

Within the context of European sugar market regulation, a production quantity for sugar and isoglucose is fixed for every EU-member state that produces sugar. This quantity is again broken down to the producing companies and is fixed as production quota. With that, the production is limited and surpluses are minimized.

The set of regulations of the EU existing from 1968 for quotas and customs helps the general market organisation for sugar and for ensuring indigenous sugar production.

Annual payment of the sugar producers in the EU with reference to the production quota for the financing of the EU restructuring funds in the scope of the EU-sugar regime (over a time period of three years): July 2006 to September 2008.

An environment-friendly fuel, which contains 85% bioethanol with the rest being petrol. bioethanol is extracted out of raw material, which contains sugar and starch (such as for example probably wheat, maize, triticale as well as concentrated juice of sugar beet). In order to be able to use E85 as fuel for automobiles, the so-called FFVs are needed (See Flexible Fuel Vehicles).

See sugar beet thick juice.

The sugar export regulated through permits in third countries defines the export of sugar to countries outside the EU. The export licenses necessary for this are distributed by the EU to the sugar producers (See export licenses).

The grain type Triticale is a hybrid of wheat and rye and therefore combines the characteristics of both these sorts, with reference to taste as well as also to content. Triticale is used due to the high content of starch as well as also as energy grain for the production of bioethanol.

(Austrian environment agency): The Umweltbundesamt, the Austrian environment agency, was created in 1985 through the Environmental Monitoring Act (the Umweltkontrollgesetz). Three years later an amendment of the Act led to a change in the agency’s core responsibilities. In 1999 the environment agency became a limited liability company. It remains wholly owned by the Republic of Austria as represented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. The environment agency is the leading Austrian expert organisation for all environmental subjects and media. Its staff works in four programmes: Data & Diagnosis, Substances & Analysis, Economy & Impact, and Nature & Habitat Use.

This term is understood as the residue of distillation, which contains protein, fats and minerals. Vinasse is either dried or used in liquid state as dung, in bio-gas facilities or as cattle fodder.

The VÖNIX, the Austrian Sustainability Index, is an equity index consisting of those listed Austrian companies that are leading in social and environmental performance. The VÖNIX is owned by VBV-Pensionskasse AG and VINIS GmbH, both based in Vienna. Sustainability analysis for the Index is the responsibility of Mag. Friesenbichler Unter­nehmens­beratung, a consultancy. The Index is calculated daily by Wiener Börse AG.

Waxy corn (maize) distinguishes itself through starch grains with a high content of amylopectin. With 70% to 80%, amylopectin accounts for the main constituent of the natural herbal starch, such as in corn (maize) or potato starch, and is used in food production technology especially as stabilizer and thickening agent. Like starch corn, the waxy corn also plays an important role as row material supplier for the industrial utilization.

Since autumn 2000, sugar, among other products, may be imported in limited quantities dutyfree from the former Yugoslavia countries to the EU. The EU has also made corresponding free trade agreements with Croatia and Serbia.

Corn (maize) that is fresh from harvest is also defined as wet corn (maize).

Household sugar is defined as white sugar, which is extracted through crystallization and centrifugation.

(World Health Organisation): The WHO is a specialised organisation of the United Nations based in Geneva, Switzer­land. Founded in April 1948, its membership numbers 193 countries. The World Health Organisation is the United Nations’ coordinating authority on international public health.

The World Trade Organization with its office in Geneva, in which 150 member states negotiate the liberalization of the world trade.